Sunday, November 02, 2008
Let's do some recap! :]Before is my recap! Yay! i'm done with my revising!May god bless me for my A tomorrow!JiaYou!!!Approaches to Psychology
· Neurobiological Approach
· Cognitive Approach
· Behavioural Approach
· Humanistic Approach
· Psychoanalytic Approach
Factors influencing Growth and Development·
Genetic Factors· Physical characteristic
· Psychological make-up
·
Environmental Factors· Attachment (Bonding)
· Early Stimulation
· Peer and Family
· Socioeconomic factors.
· Experiences
Definition of growth:Growth is defined as the physical changes that occur in a steady and orderly manner.
Definition of Development:
Development relates to changes in psychological and social functioning.
Stages of Development:· Prenatal
· Infancy
· Early childhood
· Late childhood
· Adolescence
· Early adulthood
· Middle adulthood
· Late adulthood
Definition of ‘Needs’:A ’need’ is a requirement that is necessary or desirable for maintaining physical or psychosocial well being.
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs:
· Self-actualization needs
· Esteem needs
· Love & Belonging needs
· Safety & Security needs
· Bio-physiological needs
Definition of Personality:
Personality maybe defined as the behaviour and characteristic that distinguishes one individual from another.
What factors influence personality?Personality is shaped by inborn potential (Nature) and by the unique experiences (Nurture) that affect the person as an individual.
What is Trait?An inherited characteristic that distinguish one person from another in a rather permanent and consistent way
Trait Theory (Hans Eysenck)2 Major dimensions of personality:
* Introversion
* Extroversion
* Stability
* Instability
Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)
* Unconscious repression of instinctual drives and sexual desires.
* Sex and Aggression
* Composed of Id, Ego, Superego
Definition of Intelligence:Intelligence is defined broadly as a general ability to learn, to reason, to grasp concepts, and to deal with abstractions. Intelligence is nature or nurture.
Definition of aptitude:Is define as the specific abilities or capacities of an individual to learn or perform adequately a skill or a job and is a mixture of particular abilities call aptitudes.
Edward L. Thorndike suggests that intelligent behaviour may be classified into 3 kinds:* Mechanical Intelligence
* Social Intelligence
* Abstract Intelligence
Alfed Binet:* He has developed a test he called “aptitude for academic achievement”
* This test was designed to be relevant in academic settings
* He believed in the older the wiser.
Lewis Madison Terman:* Revised Binet’s work and introduced the Stanford-Binet intelligence test.
* He used the formula IQ= (mental age) MA / (chronological age) CA x100%
David Wechsler:* Developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS)
* Designed for use with adult
* Test contain, Verbal & Performance Subtest
* Average score (normal): 100
* Superior: > 130
* Retard: <70
Intelligence Test measure:Ø Convergent thinking, solve a problem that has a well defined correct answer. E.G. Test made specially for, test like, Binet, IQ, WAIS
Ø Divergent thinking, arriving at many possible solutions to a problem. E.G. Aptitude and achievement test.
Aptitude Test:Measure the capacity to learn, and predict what an individual can accomplish with training.
Achievement Test:Measure accomplished skills, and indicate what an individual can do at present.
Howard Garnder: Multiple Intelligence:1. Linguistic Intelligence
2. Logical Intelligence
3. Spatial Intelligence
4. Bodily-Kinaesthetic intelligence.
5. Musical Intelligence
6. Interpersonal Intelligence
7. Intrapersonal Intelligence
Adolescence, Personality development:· Identity Crisis
· Roles Conflict
· Group identify Conflict
· Sex-Role Conflict
Jean Piaget (interested in intellectual development) cognitive Developmet:·
Sensorimotor, (birth – 2yrs)
· This stage. It is governed by sensation in which simple learning takes place.
· Problem solving is primarily trial and error, as child progress from reflex activity, through repetitive behaviour , to imitative behaviour
·
Preoperational, (2-7yrs)· Child starts to considers their own view point as the only possible one.
· Thinking is concrete and tangible and the child lacks the ability to make deductions or generalisation, problem solving does not usually follow logical thought processes.
·
Concrete Operational,( 7-11yrs)· Child becoming increasingly logical and problems are solved in a systemic fashion.
· Child is able to consider points of view other than their own.
· Towards each stage, child demonstrates a greater reasoning ability.
·
Formal Operational, ( >11yrs)
· Thinking is characterised by logical reasoning.
· Adolescent is able to think in abstract terms, draw logical conclusion and solve problems.
Sigmund Fred Development stages :
(sex and aggression)·
Oral, 0-18mths· Uses mouth as source of satisfaction
·
Anal, 1-3yrs
· Pleasurable sensation arising from anal region
· Learns muscle control of urination and defecation
· Increasingly independence
· Learn to say ’NO’
·
Phallic, 3-6yrs
· Pleasurable sensation arising from genital region
· Learns sexual identity
· Emergence of superego
· Develops refinement of motor and intellectual activities
·
Latency, 6-12yrs
· Enter a quite stage, sexual development lies dormant, emotional tension
· Experiences a normal homosexual phase
· Increase intellectual capacity
·
Genital, 12yrs-adult
· Experiences reawakened sex drive
· Matures intellectually
· Experiences identity crisis
Erikson’s Stages of development:· 0-1yr, Trust vs Mistrust
· 1-4yrs, Autonomy vs shame and doubt
· 4-8yrs, Initiative vs guilt
· 8-12yrs, Industry vs inferiority
· 12-20yrs, Identity vs role confusion
· 20-30yrs, Intimacy and solidarity vs isolation
· 30-60yrs, Generatively vs self-absorption and stagnation
· 60yrs-daeth, Integrity vs despair
7:46 pm
